Private Attorneys General Act (PAGA) Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is PAGA?

PAGA allows employees to assist the state in enforcing labor laws by suing their employers on behalf of the state for violations of the Labor Code to recover civil penalties. Civil penalties assessed and collected under PAGA help deter unlawful conduct and encourage compliance with labor protections. These civil penalties are separate from and additional to other remedies, including damages, available for labor law violations through a separate non-PAGA lawsuit.

Employees may bring other types of claims instead of, or in addition to, a PAGA claim, such as filing a lawsuit in court to recover unpaid wages, statutory damages, and statutory penalties for certain Labor Code violations.

Additional information can be found at:

2. Who oversees PAGA?

PAGA is administered by the Labor & Workforce Development Agency (LWDA). LWDA has assigned to the LCO the responsibility to investigate PAGA notices that raise wage and hour violations, and to Cal/OSHA the responsibility to investigate PAGA notices that raise health and safety violations. Starting October 1, 2024, LWDA will review cure notices and proposals and hold cure conferences and LCO will hold cure determination hearings (see question 8).

3. Who can bring a PAGA lawsuit?

Employees can bring the action on behalf of themselves and other current and former employees.

For PAGA notices filed on or after June 19, 2024, any current or former employee who has experienced each of the alleged violations of labor laws may file a PAGA lawsuit. Employees represented by a non-profit legal service organization that litigated PAGA actions in court for at least five years prior to January 1, 2025, may file a PAGA lawsuit if they have experienced at least one alleged violation of labor laws.

For PAGA notices filed before June 19, 2024, a PAGA lawsuit may be filed by a current or former employee who has experienced at least one of the alleged violations of labor laws.

4. Who can be sued under PAGA?

Private employers are subject to PAGA lawsuits for violations of the Labor Code, but government employers are not.

5. What can be recovered in a PAGA lawsuit?

A PAGA lawsuit is for the recovery of civil penalties, the amount of which depends on the type of violation. The penalties recovered by the state fund enforcement of labor laws and education of employers and employees about their rights and responsibilities under the Labor Code.

    • For PAGA notices filed before June 19, 2024, the penalties are split between employees and the State of California, with 75 percent of the recovered penalties going to the State and 25 percent going to the aggrieved employees.
    • For PAGA notices filed on or after June 19, 2024, 65 percent of the recovered penalties goes to the State and 35 percent to the aggrieved employees.
    • For PAGA cases in which the notice and complaint were filed on or after June 19, 2024, the court may also order the employer to stop its unlawful action(s) or practice(s).

For PAGA notices filed on or after June 19, 2024, if an employer had taken all reasonable steps to comply with the law prior to receiving a PAGA notice, but a violation nonetheless occurred, the civil penalty is reduced to not more than 15 percent of the penalty sought. If the employer takes all reasonable steps to be prospectively in compliance with the law within 60 days of the PAGA notice, penalties are reduced to not more than 30 percent of the penalty sought. Certain exceptions apply.

6. What are the procedures for bringing a PAGA lawsuit?

Before an employee can bring a PAGA lawsuit, the employee must give notice by filling out an online form and submitting a letter to LWDA through the Department of Industrial Relations’ PAGA Filing Portal. The notice must also be sent to the employer by certified mail.

LCO may decide to investigate any PAGA notice alleging wage and hour violations. If so, LCO will notify the employee within 65 days of the PAGA notice. If no notice to investigate is provided, the employee is authorized to file suit in court. If LCO provides notice that it will investigate, it has 120 days to do so. If LCO does not file suit or issue a citation within 120 days of its decision to investigate, the employee who submitted the notice may file suit. If LCO does file suit or issue a citation during that time, the employee may not file the PAGA lawsuit on the same facts and theories contained in the LCO’s citation or lawsuit.

In certain circumstances, an employer may seek to cure a violation during the notice period and avoid civil penalties and litigation costs. If LWDA determines the alleged violation has been cured, the employee may not file the PAGA lawsuit. See Questions 7 and 8 for information on the cure process.

Cal/OSHA must investigate any PAGA notice alleging health and safety violations and can issue a citation within six months of the alleged violations. If a citation is issued, the employee cannot file a PAGA lawsuit. If Cal/OSHA does not issue a citation within the prescribed time period, an employee may challenge that decision in court or file a PAGA lawsuit.

Within 10 days of filing a PAGA lawsuit with the court, the employee must provide a file-stamped copy of the court complaint by submitting online through the PAGA Filing Portal.

7. What does a PAGA notice need to include?

The notice must specify the section(s) of the Labor Code alleged to have been violated and must include sufficient facts and legal theories to support each alleged violation. It is not enough to merely recite or rephrase the law or code section(s) or make conclusory statements without factual support. The letter must give adequate notice for the state to investigate the allegations and provide employers the opportunity to correct the violation in certain circumstances.

8. What is the cure process?

PAGA provides employers the opportunity to cure, or correct, certain violations during the notice period and avoid PAGA litigation and penalties. For notices filed on or after June 19, 2024, the PAGA reform legislation expanded the types of violations that can be cured. Violations that can be cured now include claims for minimum wage, overtime, meal and rest breaks, necessary expense reimbursement, and all requirements for itemized wage statements, among others. Employer cure proposals are treated as confidential settlement proposals and may not be used to prove the validity of any claim or as an admission of liability. All cure notices or proposal and cure disputes must be submitted online through the PAGA Filing Portal.

PAGA reform legislation also put in place new processes for certain types of employer cures:

    • Prior to October 1, 2024, the preexisting cure process continues to apply.
      Under that process, within 33 days of the PAGA notice, the employer must give written notice by certified mail to the aggrieved employee or representative and by online filing to LWDA that the alleged violation has been cured, including a description of actions taken. An aggrieved employee may dispute the sufficiency of the cure. LWDA will review cure disputes and provide written notice of its decision to the aggrieved employee and the employer. LWDA may give the employer three additional days to complete the cure. If LWDA determines that the violation is not cured or does not provide timely notice, the aggrieved employee may file a PAGA lawsuit.
    • Effective October 1, 2024, employers of any size may cure violations of Labor Code section 226 (wage statement violations).
      If that is the only violation an employer seeks to cure, the same cure process described above for cures prior to October 1, 2024, applies.
    • Effective October 1, 2024, employers that employ fewer than 100 employees may submit to LWDA proposals to cure violations within 33 days of the PAGA notice.
      LWDA may set a conference to evaluate the sufficiency of the proposed cure and the employer must complete the cure within 45 days of the conference. If LWDA determines that the violation is not cured or does not provide timely notice, the aggrieved employee may file a PAGA lawsuit. If LWDA determines that the alleged violation has been cured, an aggrieved employee may request a hearing to dispute that finding. LCO will preside over the cure hearing.

An employee may appeal LCO’s determination that the violation has been cured in Superior Court. An employer may not use the cure provisions more than once in a one-year period for the same violations.

9. What does an effective cure require?

Curing a violation requires the following:

    • Correcting the alleged violation
    • Compliance with the statute alleged to have been violated
    • Making each aggrieved employee whole
      • If an employee is owed wages, the cure must include: unpaid wages back three years from the notice, seven percent (7%) interest, any liquidated damages required by statute, and reasonable attorney’s fees and costs
      • For wage statement violations, the employer must provide fully compliant wage statements to each aggrieved employee for each pay period of the violation going back three years prior to the PAGA notice
      • For wage statement violations of Labor Code §226(a)(8), employer must provide written notice of the correct information to each aggrieved employee

10. What is the early evaluation conference?

Employers who employ at least 100 employees may request an early evaluation conference and stay of the court proceedings when served with a summons and complaint. This process, which will be overseen by a neutral evaluator, is intended to facilitate early evaluation and resolution of the dispute in court. This process is distinct from the administrative cure process LWDA administers (see Question 7).

11. Does a PAGA settlement have to be approved by the court?

Yes, the court must independently review and approve PAGA settlements to make sure the resolution is fair to those affected. A PAGA settlement must provide relief that is fair, reasonable, adequate, and consistent with the goals of PAGA. The purpose of civil penalties is to encourage employers to correct past violations and to stop current and future violations.

Settlements terms of health and safety violations must be at least as effective as the protections or remedies provided under state and federal laws.

A proposed settlement needs to be submitted online through the PAGA Filing Portal, at the same time that it is submitted to the court.

12. What should be avoided in a PAGA settlement?

LWDA may object to the proposed settlement or intervene if the settlement does not meet PAGA’s purpose. Certain characteristics of a proposed settlement may raise red flags indicating that a PAGA settlement may not be fair, reasonable, and adequate. These include settlement agreements that:

    • Release claims that are not included in the employee’s PAGA notice
    • Designate the settlement or terms of the settlement agreement confidential
    • Revert settlement funds to employers if not fully paid out to aggrieved employees
    • Do not correct, in whole or in part, violations identified in the employee’s PAGA notice
    • Fail to justify the settlement amount and discounts to claim(s)
    • Substantial discounts to claims and extinguishes other pending PAGA lawsuits

Questions?

PAGA questions can be sent to PAGAinfo@dir.ca.gov, except questions about the PAGA cure process, which can be sent to PAGACure@labor.ca.gov.